13 O’Clock Episode 484: American Indian Residential Schools

27 Nov 2025 / Jenny Ashford / Leave a comment

American Indian residential schools, also known as Indian boarding schools, were a system of government-funded institutions in the United States designed to assimilate Native American children into Euro-American culture from the late 19th century through much of the 20th century. Established primarily after the Civil War, these schools—over 500 in total, often run by churches—aimed to “civilize” Indigenous youth by eradicating their languages, traditions, and identities, encapsulated in the infamous motto “Kill the Indian, save the man.” The first major school, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, opened in 1879 in Pennsylvania and served as a model for others nationwide. Children as young as five were forcibly removed from their families, sometimes hundreds of miles away, and subjected to harsh conditions: they were forbidden from speaking native languages, wearing traditional clothing, or practicing cultural rituals. Reports document widespread physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, malnutrition, disease outbreaks, and high mortality rates—thousands of children died, often buried in unmarked graves. The system lasted until the 1970s, when public outcry and Native activism led to its decline, though many schools operated into the 1990s. The legacy endures as intergenerational trauma, contributing to higher rates of poverty, substance abuse, and mental health issues in Native communities. Recent federal investigations, including a 2022 U.S. Department of the Interior report, have acknowledged these atrocities and called for reparations and healing efforts.

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Channel art and audio & video editing by Jenny Ashford. Music & sound effects courtesy of freesound.org users jamespotterboy, corsica-s, enjoypa, capturedlv, luffy, kiddpark, and justkiddink. Video clips courtesy of Videezy & Videvo.

13 O’Clock Episode 469: The Trail of Tears

14 Aug 2025 / Jenny Ashford / Leave a comment

The Trail of Tears refers to the forced relocation of approximately 60,000 Native Americans from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to designated Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, primarily in present-day Oklahoma, during the 1830s. This tragic event primarily affected the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole nations, collectively known as the Five Civilized Tribes, due to their adoption of certain European-American cultural practices.

The relocation was driven by the Indian Removal Act of 1830, signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. The act authorized the federal government to negotiate treaties with Native American tribes to exchange their lands for territory in the West. Despite resistance, including legal challenges like the Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832) cases, which affirmed Cherokee sovereignty, the federal government enforced removal, often ignoring Supreme Court rulings.

The Cherokee Nation’s removal, known as the Trail of Tears, is particularly well-documented. In 1838–1839, approximately 16,000 Cherokees were forcibly marched over 1,200 miles under harsh conditions. Inadequate food, clothing, and shelter, combined with disease and brutal winter weather, led to the deaths of an estimated 4,000 to 5,000 Cherokees, roughly a quarter of the population.

Other tribes faced similar hardships. The Choctaw were among the first to be removed in 1831, suffering thousands of deaths due to exposure, starvation, and disease. The Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole also endured forced marches, with significant loss of life and cultural disruption. The Seminole resisted through guerilla warfare in the Second Seminole War (1835–1842), but many were eventually relocated.

The Trail of Tears remains a somber chapter in American history, symbolizing the devastating impact of federal policies on Native American communities, including loss of homeland, cultural heritage, and lives. It reflects broader themes of colonialism, land greed, and systemic marginalization of indigenous peoples.

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13 O’Clock Episode 464: Cool Hollywood Ladies – Mae West and Louise Brooks

10 Jul 2025 / Jenny Ashford / Leave a comment

Mae West (August 17, 1893 – November 22, 1980) was an American actress, singer, playwright, and sex symbol whose bold, witty persona made her a Hollywood icon. Born in Brooklyn, New York, she began performing in vaudeville at age 14 and gained fame on Broadway with her provocative plays, such as Sex (1926), which led to her arrest for obscenity but cemented her reputation as a daring performer. West transitioned to film in the 1930s, starring in hits like She Done Him Wrong (1933) and My Little Chickadee (1940), where her suggestive dialogue and curvaceous figure captivated audiences. Known for her double entendres, like “Why don’t you come up sometime and see me?”, she challenged societal norms and influenced the development of the Motion Picture Production Code. West continued performing in theater, film, and television into her later years, leaving a lasting legacy as a trailblazer for female empowerment and sexual frankness in entertainment.

Louise Brooks (November 14, 1906 – August 8, 1985) was an American actress, dancer, and writer, celebrated for her distinctive bobbed hairstyle and naturalistic acting style. Born in Cherryvale, Kansas, she began her career as a dancer with the Denishawn School of Dancing and later performed in the Ziegfeld Follies. Brooks transitioned to film in the mid-1920s, appearing in American comedies before achieving international acclaim in German director G.W. Pabst’s silent films Pandora’s Box (1929) and Diary of a Lost Girl (1929). Her portrayal of Lulu in Pandora’s Box showcased her ability to convey complex, uninhibited characters, earning her cult status. Disillusioned with Hollywood’s constraints, Brooks retired from acting in 1938 and later worked as a writer and film critic. Her rediscovery in the 1950s, fueled by renewed interest in her European films, established her as an icon of the silent film era and a symbol of the flapper aesthetic.

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13 O’Clock Movie Time: Lawless (2012)

1 Jul 2025 / Jenny Ashford / Leave a comment

Tom and Jenny discuss the 2012 gangster film about 30s-era bootleggers, written by Nick Cave, directed by John Hillcoat, and starring Shia LaBeouf, Tom Hardy, and Guy Pearce. It was based on the historical novel The Wettest County in the World by Matt Bondurant.

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13 O’Clock Episode 462: Bootleggers and Prohibition

26 Jun 2025 / Jenny Ashford / Leave a comment

During the Prohibition era (1920–1933), when the U.S. government banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol under the 18th Amendment, bootleggers emerged as key players in the illegal liquor trade. These smugglers and illicit distillers supplied alcohol to a thirsty public, often producing homemade “moonshine” or smuggling foreign liquor from Canada, Mexico, or the Caribbean. Bootleggers operated through secretive networks, bribing law enforcement and politicians to evade capture, while speakeasies—hidden bars—served as their distribution hubs. Organized crime syndicates, like those led by Al Capone, flourished, amassing wealth and power. Bootlegging not only fueled a black market but also highlighted widespread resistance to Prohibition, contributing to its eventual repeal in 1933.

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THANK YOU TO ALL OUR SUPPORTERS! The show is made possible by: Allison, Amanda, Amanda O., Amber, Ambition Writing, Amy H., Anthony, Antonio, Arezo, Arif, Armand, Ashley, Austin, Ben, BlackMarigold, Blake, Brad, Brandon, Brian, Bryce, Bunjip, Bunny, Cady, Calexico Mom, Cami, Chris, Christopher, Ciarra, Cody, Corinthian, creepy crepes, D. Newton, Dae, Damian, Dan, Darkskull, Darren, Dave B., David P., Dean, Denise, Dermot, Dominic, Duncan, Dwayne, Ed, Elizabeth, Elliot, Eric, Erin, Esther, Fade, Feeky, Gareth, Geare, Ginger, Gramthars Hammer, Greg, Gwen, Gwendoline, Hanna, Hayden, Heather, HoboNasty, Holly, Hugo, Iain, Ilse, Ima Shrew, Jaime, Jake A., Jake S., James, James H., Jamin, Jana & Scott, Janet, Jason, Jason W., Jeanette, Jen, Jessica, Jesus, Jill, Joanie, Jocifer, Joe, John A. Brown, John H., John M., Jon R., Jonathan, Jonathan H., Joseph, Juli, Juliana, Justin, Justyn, Karin, Kat, Katrina, Keith, Kelley G., Ken, Kieron, Knothead Studios, Kool Kitty, Lana, Lars, Leander, Liam, Lindsey, Logan, Lonna, Lynx_13, Macy, Marcus, Mark, Mary Ellen, Master of Dungeons, Matt, Matthew, Maximillian, Melanie, Melissa, Melissa G., Michael, Miguel, Mike, Mother of Beasts, Natalia, Nathalie, Nicodemus, Nilay, Noah, Oddcatt, Oli, out_running_erins, Paul, Poppa77 Morrison, Rachel, Rebecca, Rebecca L., Rebecca M., Richard J., Richard & Sheena, Rik, Rob, Robina, Ryan, Samantha, Sandra, Saul, Scarlett, Scott, Sean, seven lines, Shaebie, Shae-Nicole, Sheena, Sophie, Stephanie, Steven Vincent, Stop Prop, Sydney, Tabitha, Tammie, Tara, Terrie, TheMysteryGamer, Thomas, Thomm, Tiffany, Timothy, Tina, Travon, Trevor, Trey, Tyran, Valtrina, Vashti, Veronica, Via, Victor, Victoria, Victoria E., Virginia, Weaponsandstuff93, Will S., and Xánada.

13 O’Clock Episode 433: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Taliesin Massacre

5 Dec 2024 / Jenny Ashford / Leave a comment

Frank Lloyd Wright is probably the most famous architect in American history, being responsible for designing hundreds of distinctive structures—such as Fallingwater in Pennsylvania and the Guggenheim Museum in New York City—and cultivating a modernist style he referred to as “organic architecture.” What many people may not know, though, is that in 1914, Wright was at the center of a huge scandal and a horrific massacre at Taliesin, his house/studio in Spring Green, Wisconsin that he’d built to stay in with his mistress, Mamah Borthwick. In August of 1914, a disgruntled chef at the complex, Julian Carlton, went on a rampage, slaughtering seven people with a hatchet, including Mamah and her two children, before setting both bodies and structures on fire. Join Tom and Jenny on this fascinating journey into Wisconsin true crime on an architectural episode 433.

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THANK YOU TO ALL OUR SUPPORTERS! The show is made possible by: Allison, Amanda, Amanda O., Ambition Writing, Amy H., Anthony, Antonio, Arezo, Arif, Armand, Ashley, Austin, Ben, BlackMarigold, Blake, Brad, Brandon, Brian, Bryce, Bunjip, Bunny, Cady, Calexico Mom, Cami, Chris, Christopher, Ciarra, Cody, Corinthian, creepy crepes, D. Newton, Dae, Damian, Dan, Darkskull, Darren, Dave B., David P., Dean, Denise, Dermot, Dominic, Duncan, Dwayne, Ed, Elizabeth, Elliot, Eric, Erin, Esther, Fade, Feeky, Gareth, Geare, Ginger, Gramthars Hammer, Greg, Gwen, Gwendoline, Hanna, Hayden, Heather, HoboNasty, Holly, Hugo, Iain, Ilse, Ima Shrew, Jaime, Jake A., Jake S., James, James H., Jamin, Jana & Scott, Janet, Jason, Jason W., Jeanette, Jen, Jessica, Jesus, Jill, Joanie, Jocifer, Joe, John H., John M., Jon R., Jonathan, Jonathan H., Joseph, Juli, Juliana, Justin, Justyn, Karin, Kat, Katrina, Keith, Kelley G., Ken, Kieron, Knothead Studios, Kool Kitty, Lana, Lars, Leander, Liam, Lindsey, Logan, Lonna, Lynx_13, Macy, Marcus, Mark, Mary Ellen, Master of Dungeons, Matt, Matthew, Maximillian, Melanie, Melissa, Melissa G., Michael, Miguel, Mike, Mother of Beasts, Natalia, Nathalie, Nicodemus, Nilay, Noah, Oddcatt, Oli, out_running_erins, Paul, Rachel, Rebecca, Rebecca L., Rebecca M., Richard J., Richard & Sheena, Rik, Rob, Robina, Ryan, Samantha, Sandra, Saul, Scarlett, Scott, Sean, seven lines, Shae-Nicole, Sheena, Sophie, Stephanie, Steven Vincent, Stop Prop, Sydney, Tabitha, Tammie, Tara, Terrie, TheMysteryGamer, Thomas, Thomm, Tiffany, Timothy, Tina, Travon, Trevor, Trey, Tyran, Valtrina, Vashti, Veronica, Via, Victor, Victoria, Victoria E., Virginia, Weaponsandstuff93, Will S., and Xánada.

13 O’Clock Episode 411: 4th of July Extravaganza! Haunted Williamsburg and American Folklore & Tall Tales

4 Jul 2024 / Jenny Ashford / Leave a comment

On this pre-4th of July episode, Tom and Jenny are going all out, exploring some particularly American ghost stories, folklore, and tall tales. We’ll talk about the most haunted places in Williamsburg, Virginia, one of the oldest cities in the United States and a place with a ton of spooky stories attached to its centuries-old buildings. Then we’ll discuss a few American legends and tall tales, including Paul Bunyan, John Henry, and Pecos Bill. Happy Independence Day!

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13 O’Clock Episode 404: Bass Reeves – The “Real” Lone Ranger?

16 May 2024 / Jenny Ashford / Leave a comment

Bass Reeves was an iconic figure in American history, known as one of the first African-American Deputy U.S. Marshals west of the Mississippi River and heralded today as the possible inspiration behind the Lone Ranger. Born into slavery in 1838 in Arkansas, Reeves escaped after the Civil War and fled to Indian Territory, where he mastered several American Indian languages. He became a legendary lawman, known for his remarkable skills in tracking down fugitives and maintaining peace in the Wild West. Reeves was known for his intelligence, fearlessness, and expert marksmanship. Despite facing racism and discrimination, he apprehended over 3,000 criminals during his career, earning a reputation as one of the most effective lawmen of his time. Reeves’ legacy continues to inspire, highlighting the significant contributions of African Americans to the shaping of the American frontier. Join Tom and Jenny on this fascinating journey into a lesser-known avenue of American history on a wild and western episode 404.

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13 O’Clock Episode 402: Benedict Arnold

2 May 2024 / Jenny Ashford / Leave a comment

Benedict Arnold was a complex figure in American history, initially celebrated as a skilled military leader during the American Revolutionary War. However, his legacy is forever tainted by his infamous betrayal of the American cause. Arnold’s frustration with lack of recognition and financial difficulties led him to conspire with the British, offering to surrender the strategic fort at West Point in exchange for money and a commission in the British Army. His treasonous actions earned him universal condemnation in the newly formed United States and immortalized his name as synonymous with betrayal. Join Tom and Jenny on this fascinating look at one of the most reviled men in U.S. history on a revolutionary episode 402.

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THANK YOU TO ALL OUR SUPPORTERS! The show is made possible by: Allison, Amanda, Amanda O., Ambition Writing, Amy H., Anthony, Antonio, Arezo, Arif, Ashley, Austin, Ben, BlackMarigold, Blake, Brad, Brandon, Brian, Bryce, Bunjip, Bunny, Cady, Calexico Mom, Cami, Chris, Christopher, Ciarra, Cody, Corinthian, creepy crepes, D. Newton, Dae, Damian, Dan, Darkskull, Darren, Dave B., David P., Dean, Denise, Dermot, Dominic, Duncan, Dwayne, Ed, Elizabeth, Elliot, Eric, Erin, Esther, Fade, Feeky, Gareth, Ginger, Gramthars Hammer, Greg, Gwen, Gwendoline, Hanna, Hayden, Heather, HoboNasty, Holly, Hugo, Iain, Ilse, Ima Shrew, Jaime, Jake A., Jake S., James, James H., Jamin, Jana & Scott, Janet, Jason, Jason W., Jeanette, Jen, Jessica, Jesus, Joanie, Jocifer, Joe, John H., John M., Jon R., Jonathan, Jonathan H., Joseph, Juli, Juliana, Justin, Justyn, Karin, Kat, Katrina, Keith, Kelley G., Ken, Kieron, Knothead Studios, Kool Kitty, Lana, Lars, Leander, Liam, Lindsey, Logan, Lonna, Lynx_13, Macy, Marcus, Mark, Mary Ellen, Master of Dungeons, Matt, Matthew, Maximillian, Melanie, Melissa, Melissa G., Michael, Miguel, Mike, Mother of Beasts, Natalia, Nathalie, Nicodemus, Nilay, Noah, Oddcatt, Oli, out_running_erins, Paul, Rachel, Rebecca, Rebecca L., Rebecca M., Richard J., Richard & Sheena, Rik, Rob, Robina, Ryan, Samantha, Sandra, Saul, Scarlett, Scott, Sean, seven lines, Shae-Nicole, Sheena, Sophie, Stephanie, Steven Vincent, Stop Prop, Sydney, Tabitha, Tammie, Tara, Terrie, TheMysteryGamer, Thomas, Thomm, Tiffany, Timothy, Tina, Travon, Trevor, Trey, Tyran, Valtrina, Vashti, Veronica, Via, Victor, Victoria, Victoria E., Virginia, Weaponsandstuff93, Will S., and Xánada.

13 O’Clock Episode 395: A History of Stockton State Insane Asylum

14 Mar 2024 / Jenny Ashford / Leave a comment

The Stockton State Hospital, formerly known as the Stockton State Insane Asylum, was built in 1853 and was California’s first facility for housing the mentally ill. But like most such facilities at this point in history, conditions in the hospital were less than ideal and may have included forced labor, sterilization, electroshock therapy, lobotomies, and perhaps burial in mass graves. In 2005, in fact, one of these mass graves was discovered on the grounds, and it’s believed that more than 4,000 patients were disposed of, unidentified, in just this way. Join Tom and Jenny on a fascinating journey through the history of the treatment of the mentally ill on this insanely troubling episode 395.

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And check out our cool merch at our Zazzle store, and some board and card games designed by Jenny at Giallo Games!

Visit Jenny’s Amazon author page! And check out our awesome cookbook!

THANK YOU TO ALL OUR SUPPORTERS! The show is made possible by: Allison, Amanda, Amanda O., Amy H., Anthony, Antonio, Arezo, Arif, Ashley, Austin, Ben, BlackMarigold, Blake, Brad, Brandon, Brian, Bryce, Bunjip, Bunny, Cady, Calexico Mom, Cami, Chris, Christopher, Ciarra, Cody, Corinthian, creepy crepes, D. Newton, Dae, Damian, Dan, Darkskull, Darren, Dave B., David P., Dean, Denise, Dermot, Dominic, Duncan, Dwayne, Ed, Elizabeth, Elliot, Eric, Erin, Esther, Fade, Feeky, Gareth, Ginger, Gramthars Hammer, Greg, Gwen, Gwendoline, Hanna, Hayden, Heather, HoboNasty, Holly, Hugo, Iain, Ilse, Ima Shrew, Jaime, Jake A., Jake S., James, James H., Jamin, Jana & Scott, Janet, Jason, Jason W., Jeanette, Jen, Jessica, Jesus, Joanie, Jocifer, Joe, John H., John M., Jon R., Jonathan, Jonathan H., Joseph, Juli, Juliana, Justin, Justyn, Karin, Kat, Katrina, Keith, Kelley G., Ken, Kieron, Knothead Studios, Kool Kitty, Lana, Lars, Leander, Liam, Lindsey, Logan, Lonna, Lynx_13, Macy, Marcus, Mark, Mary Ellen, Master of Dungeons, Matt, Matthew, Maximillian, Melanie, Melissa, Melissa G., Michael, Miguel, Mike, Mother of Beasts, Natalia, Nathalie, Nicodemus, Nilay, Noah, Oddcatt, Oli, out_running_erins, Paul, Rachel, Rebecca, Rebecca L., Rebecca M., Richard J., Richard & Sheena, Rik, Rob, Robina, Ryan, Samantha, Sandra, Saul, Scarlett, Scott, Sean, seven lines, Shae-Nicole, Sheena, Sophie, Stephanie, Stop Prop, Sydney, Tabitha, Tammie, Tara, Terrie, TheMysteryGamer, Thomas, Thomm, Tiffany, Timothy, Tina, Travon, Trevor, Trey, Tyran, Valtrina, Vashti, Veronica, Via, Victor, Victoria, Victoria E., Virginia, Weaponsandstuff93, Will S., and Xánada.